Do You Owe Estimated Taxes?

Updated on February 2, 2010.

FOR MOST of us, tax day comes just once a year — on April 15. But for people who owe estimated taxes, Uncle Sam expects a check four times a year. Unfortunately, one of those poor quarterly taxpayers may be you if any of the following applies to your situation.

Now that I've gotten thousands of you scared, let me tell you who should not worry about estimated taxes even if one of the above holds true. Anyone who expects his 2010 tax bill net of salary withholding to be under $1,000. Any U.S. citizen or resident whose tax bill for 2009 was zero. You are exempt.

As for the rest of you, please keep reading. I've tried to be brief, but the rules are complex. So anyone wanting more information should download IRS Publication 505 from the IRS Web site.

The Fundamentals
Estimated tax payments for the 2010 tax year are due on April 15, June 15, Sept. 15 of 2010 and Jan. 17 of 2011. If you underpay one or more installments, you get charged interest until the day you catch up. However, the government charges a very reasonable rate — only 4% at the time this was written, subject to change each quarter. (So if you want to pay off your 18% credit card balance instead, go ahead.) Any payments outstanding after April 15 next year are subject to a 0.5% per month "failure to pay" penalty on top of the interest. All payments should be accompanied by Form 1040-ES, which you can also download from the IRS Web site. It takes just a few seconds to fill out (honest).

So How Much Do I Owe?
If you want to completely avoid any interest charges, you must cough up enough to satisfy any one of four "safe-harbor" guidelines. Remember to include any withholding when calculating your payments.

You are free to use whichever of the above safe harbors does the best job of minimizing or deferring your estimated tax payments. However, if you don't successfully pull into one of the safe harbors, you'll be charged interest on the payment shortfalls. You can calculate the interest yourself when you file your 2010 return (using Form 2210) or let the IRS do the math and bill you.

Example: You figure you'll owe the government $20,000 for this year (2010), but only $12,000 will be withheld from your salary. Obviously, you'll be underpaid to the tune of $8,000. But there's no need to make any estimated payments if your 2009 tax bill was $12,000 or less (assuming 2009 adjusted gross income was $150,000 or less). The first safe harbor listed above gets you off the hook. But if last year's tax bill was $15,000, you'll need to make $3,000 in estimated payments ($750 each) to reserve your safe-harbor berth.

What If I Miss a Payment?
You won't be the only one. You have several alternatives to avoid or at least minimize the interest-charge hit.

Say you extended your 2009 return and will be getting a $2,000 refund. After reading this, you are surprised to find out you owe $3,000 in estimated payments for 2010 ($750 for each quarter). Here's the easy solution: When you file your 2009 return, tell the IRS you only want $500 back (by entering that amount on line 73 of your 1040). You can use the other $1,500 to cover your April and June estimated payments (enter $1,500 on line 74 of your 2009 return). Then stay on track by making the last two payments by the Sept. 15, 2010, and Jan. 17, 2011, deadlines.

You can also reduce or eliminate the interest-charge hit from missed estimated tax payments by increasing your salary withholding. Do this by filing a new Form W-4 with your employer. For example, say you owe a total of $3,000 in estimated payments. If you can jack up your withholding between now and year's end by that amount, your estimated tax obligations vaporize.

Finally, you can stop the interest-charge bleeding simply by making oversized estimated payments to compensate for earlier underpayments. Say you missed the $750 payment due on April 15. If you pay in $1,500 on June 15, you're all caught up. Of course, you'll be charged two months' interest on the $750 shortfall, but the interest is only a few bucks.

So you see, even if the estimated-tax rules apply to you, there are easy ways to lessen the pain.