Breaking Down the Obama IRA

Tucked into President Obama’s financial regulatory reform legislation still being debated in Congress is a proposal to get more workers saving for retirement. The plan calls for employers to set up mandatory automatic-enrollment IRAs, retirement accounts that allow for tax-deductible contributions.

If the measure passes, companies that don't currently offer a tax-deferred retirement-savings plan would funnel employee contributions into IRA accounts through direct payroll deposits. It would also represent the biggest increase in new retirement savers since the creation of the 401(k) in 1980.

Still, for as long as it’s been, the concept is hardly new. Some form of automatic retirement savings has been kicking around the legislature for a couple of years. The model’s roots are in the science of behavioral finance, a field whose findings routinely suggest that people tend to put off doing what they know they should do. For example, rather than choosing a retirement fund from the myriad options available – a daunting task – many people do nothing. They become victims of their own inertia and ultimately come up short when they retire. The Obama initiative is meant to make decisions on workers’ behalf.

Early estimates predict that the plan could direct roughly $100 billion into IRAs over five years and give some of the 75 million workers who don’t have access to an employer plan an opportunity to save, says David John, one of the plan’s designers, the principal of The Retirement Security Project and a senior research fellow at the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank. John says he hopes to have a draft of the legislation introduced to Congress within a month.

Many of the details about the automatic IRA have yet to be fleshed out, but here’s a look at how it would work and some of the early benefits and drawbacks.

Companies that don’t currently offer a retirement plan, employ 10 or more workers, and have been in business for at least two years would be required to enroll their employees in an IRA. The accounts would automatically deduct money from employees’ paychecks starting with a default deduction of 3%. Employees can choose a higher or lower withdrawal rate or opt out of the plan altogether.

The default IRA portfolio would likely include a basket of conservative holdings. Those assets include I bonds (inflation-indexed savings bonds), money-market mutual funds or stable value funds, John says. “The goal here is to build up a certain amount, say $3,000 to $5,000,” he says, at which point the account would automatically roll over and new contributions would go into a target-date fund, a popular 401(k) investment option. Workers would retain control over their accounts, but the plan would make adjustments over time -- even if the workers did nothing.

More companies will cover workers. If passed, the legislation would cover roughly 40 million of the 75 million workers who do not have access to an employer-sponsored retirement plan, John says. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), a Washington, D.C.-based lobbying group for small businesses, estimates that 27% of small businesses with fewer than 250 employees do not offer a retirement plan. For businesses with 10 to 19 employees, that number jumps to 50%.

Improved retirement prospects. Any measure to nudge workers into saving for retirement is a positive one, says Brigitte Madrian, a professor of public policy and corporate management at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. Data from automatic enrollment in 401(k) plans suggest this plan would broadly lift employee savings rates. Nearly 5% of workers with 401(k) plans dropped out in 2008, but the participation rate remained flat that year at 74% as many new hires were automatically enrolled in comparable plans, according to a May report by Hewitt Associates, a human resources and outsourcing consultancy that studied more than 2.7 million employees who were eligible for 401(k) plans during the last few months of 2008.

Pushback from small businesses. Small businesses stand to be impacted the most by this reform. Their biggest concern: the administrative burden associated with these plans. Many small businesses don't have in-house human resource departments, and a proposal like this would require some owners to hire an accountant or third-party payroll service to handle the new IRAs. “It’s a new expense,” says Bill Rys, a spokesman for NFIB.

John says the costs imposed on businesses would be minimal and would depend on how they process their payrolls. If a business uses an automatic payroll service provider like ADP, the cost could be as low as $6 to $8 per payroll period, he says. Initially, the IRA mandate would affect only firms with more than 10 employees, he says. Later, once the details are ironed out and businesses and officials watch the plan underway, the threshold could be lowered.

Not aggressive enough. Given the market turbulence that has washed out millions of Americans’ 401(k)s over the past year, the conservative investment approach pegged for the automatic IRAs is understandable. However, caution might not be the best investing tactic, especially for younger workers who have a longer-term horizon. “I’d be more in favor of getting more aggressive investments in there sooner rather than later,” particularly for younger employees, says Ron Rough, the director of portfolio management at Financial Services Advisory, an investment advisory firm in Rockville, Md. “I think if you’re dollar-cost averaging into your portfolio, you want to take advantage of market volatility.”

A more stock-heavy investment option might eventually become available, John says.